Translate the following into Russian.
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A. The French word “banque”and the Italian “banca” were used centuries ago to refer to a “bench” or “money changer’s table”. This describes quite well what historians have observed about the first bankers, who offered their services more than 2,000 years ago. They were money changers, situated usually at a table in the commercial district of a city, aiding travelers by exchanging foreign coins for local money or discounting commercial notes for a fee in order to supply other merchants with working capital.
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B. The banking industry gradually spread from the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome into northern and western Europe. It encountered religious opposition during the Middle Ages primarily because loans to the poor often carried high interest rates. However, as the Middle Ages drew to a close and the Renaissance began in Europe, the bulk of bank loans and deposits involved wealthy customers, which helped to reduce religious objections.
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C. The development of new overland trade routes and improvements in navigation in the 15″, 16″, and 17 centuries gradually shifted the center ofworld commerce from the Mediterranean region toward Europe and the British
Isles, where banking became a leading industry.
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D. The early banks in Europe were places for the safekeeping of valuables (such as gold and silver) as people came to fear loss oftheir assets dueto war, theft, or expropriation by government. In England government efforts to seize private holdings resulted in people depositing their valuables in goldsmiths’ shops, which issued tokens or certificates indicating that the customer had made a deposit. Soon, goldsmith certificates began to circulate as money because they were more convenient and less risky to carry around than gold or other valuables. The goldsmiths also offered certification of value services — what we today might call property appraisal. Customers would bring in their valuables to have an expert certify that these items were, indeed,real and not fakes.
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E. When colonies were established in North and South America, Old World banking practices were transferred to the New World. Atfirst the colonists dealt primarily with established banks in the countries from which they had come. Later, state governments in the United States began chartering banking companies. The US federal government became a major force in banking during the Civil War. The Office of the Comptroller ofthe Currency (OCC) was established in 1864, created by the US Congress to charter national banks. This divided bank regulatory system, in which both the federal government andthe states play key roles in the supervision of banking activity, has persisted in the United States to the present day.
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