Translate the following into Russian.
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A. Crimes may be classified as treason, felonies and misdemeanors.
Treason is the offense of a citizen in attempting to overthrow the U.S. government or in betraying a state into the hands of a foreign power. Felonies are those crimes punishable by death or by imprisonment in a state prison, although a lesser punishment may be imposed bythe court. Crimes not so serious in nature as felonies are misdemeanors.
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B. Sometimes crimes are labeled as mala in se (crimes inherently or morally wrong) or mala prohibita (crimes not inherently wrong, but crimes because they are prohibited by statute). Examples of crimes which are mala in se are murder, rape, arson, burglary, larceny, and the like. Examples of crimes which are mala prohibita are crimes that violate government requirements for licensing, failure of corporate directors or officers to follow requirements of the corporation law, failure to comply with government regulations or government requirements for the labeling of products, publishing copyrighted works without consent of the owner, violations ofthe labour law, and so on.
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C. A crime consists of either the commission or omission of a voluntary act (known as actus reus) punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both. No act is criminal unless it is both prohibited and penalized by the law ofthe place where it is committed. In addition, to protect the innocent, the English common law required the act to be committed with a particular state of mind known as mens rea, which means culpable intent.
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D. Any unlawful taking of the life of another falls within the generic class “homicide”.
Justifiable homicide, which is also known as excusable homicide, is the taking of human life when an excuse exists. It includes the legal execution of murderers, the killing of others during battle, the killing ofa fleeing suspect by a police officer to prevent escape after the commission of a felony, and the killing of another in self-defense.
Felonious homicide is homicide done with the intent to commit a felony. It is divided into two kinds: murder and manslaughter.
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E. Murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by another with malice aforethought. Malice is evil intent. It is the state of mind that is reckless of law and ofthe legal rights of others that prompts oneto take the life of another without just cause or provocation. When malice is present, the actor is motivated by cruelty, hostility, or revenge.
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F. Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of one human being by another without malice aforethought. The major difference between murder and manslaughter is that malice is essential in all degrees of murder, whereas it is not present in manslaughter. Manslaughter is either voluntary or involuntary.
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G. Voluntary manslaughter occurs when an intention to kill exists but through the violence of sudden passion, occasioned by some great provocation. The provocation must be such that a reasonable person might naturally be induced to commit the act.
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H.Involuntary manslaughter is the unintentional killing of another while in the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to a felony, or in the commission of a reckless act. For example, the accidental killing of a pedestrian while driving at a high speed along a thickly settled, residential street could be involuntary manslaughter.
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I. Embezzlement, which is essentially a breach of trust, consists of the same elements as larceny except that instead of “wrongful taking”, a “rightful taking” occurs. The crime did not exist at common law but was created by statute to fill the gap in the law of larceny when someone, such as an employee or bailee, was entrusted with property of another and appropriated it to his or her own use, or when property was stolen before it came into the possession of the owner.
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J. Larceny by false pretenses, also called criminal fraud, is another crime created by statute to fill a gap in common law larceny. In general, it is the act of knowingly and deliberately obtaining the property of another by false pretenses with intent to defraud.
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K. It is a crime to buy, receive, or aid in the concealment of stolen or embezzled property knowing it to have been stolen. This is the crime of receiving stolen goods. To constitute the crime, the goods must have been stolen at the time they are received, the receiver must have knowledge that the goods were stolen, and the receiver must have felonious intent.
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L. It is illegal to give money or other items to public officials to sway their official activity. The giving or receiving ofa reward to influence any official act is called bribery and is against the law. It is also illegal for public officials to demand payment from others for doing official acts. This type of action is known as extortion and is defined as the corrupt demanding or receiving by a person in office of a fee for services that should be performed gratuitously. Coercion, also a crime, means compelling someone to do something by threat or force.
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